The Romans Rome: A Concise Early History ~ (Roma, The Eternal City, City of the Seven Hills [Aventine, Caelian, Capitoline, Esquiline, Palatine, Quirinal, and Viminal hills]) The Etruscans were the first people to settle the area modernly known as Rome. According to legend, the location of the first settlement was the Palatine Hill (its summit is 140 ft. above the Tiber River). The date for this founding is 753 BC, however archaeological evidence dates settlements there from as early as the second millennium BC on the Palatine as well as Capitoline and Esquiline Hills. Etruria (home of the Etruscans) was the ancient name for the area of central Italy, modernly known as parts of Tuscany, Latium, and Umbria. The Etruscan kings ruled Rome until 509 BC, when the Roman Republic began. The Etruscans changed Rome from a farming village to a large city. Furthermore, they built Via Sacra, Rome’s first main road. They also brought Greek culture to Rome including: the alphabet (Latin was adapted from Greek), building of the temple of Jupiter (Zeus) as well as the groundwork for the Forum, the cultivation of grapes and olives, the Olympian deities, and the Phalanx (Greek formation of infantry soldiers). Learn More: Wikipedia – Rome. Rome: A Semi-Concise Mythology ~ There are two version of the mythological founding of Rome: Aeneas and the twins Romulus and Remus. Aeneas was the son of Venus (Goddess of Love) and Anchises (Mortal cousin of King Priam of Troy). During the Trojan War, Aeneas was the leader of the Dardans (A branch of the Trojans) troops. Virgil tells this story in the epic, The Aeneid. While the Greeks sacked Troy, Aeneas fought until the gods ordered him to flee. He escaped Troy with his father, son (Ascanius), his family’s Penates (household gods), and a band of refugees. They went to Italy where he allied himself with King Latinus, and married Lavinia, Latinus' daughter. Although he did not found Rome itself, he was the founder of the Roman culture. Ascanius, Aeneas’ son with his first wife, was also known as Iulus (or Julius) founded the city of Albalonga and is the progenitor of Gens Julian (the family of Julius Caesar). With Lavinia, he fathered Silvius. According to Geoffrey of Monmouth, the legendary first kings of Britain descended from Brutus of Troy, son of Silvius. Rhea Silvia (daughter of King Numitor of Albalonga) with Mars (Ares’) is the mother of Romulus and Remus. Rhea Silvia’s Uncle Amelius seized the throne and killed her father and brother. He forced Rhea Silvia to become a Vestal Virgin. Because Vestal Virgins are sworn to celibacy, she and her twin sons were thrown into the Tiber River. Tiberinus, God of the River, saved her, however Lupa, a she-wolf, saved the twins. Later, the shepherd Faustulus found the brothers and took them home. When the twins became adults, they killed Amelius, their great-uncle. They built a settlement on Palatine Hill on April 21, 753 BC. During a quarrel about the city’s walls, Romulus killed Remus and became the sole king. Romulus allowed exiles, refugees, criminals, and ex-slaves to live in Rome to enlarge his empire. Upon his death Romulus became the god Quirinus (See Proculus) and was succeeded by Numa Pompilius (See Egeria). Roman Ingenuity ~ The Romans invented other things besides their long lasting roads. Metal locks and keys In 750 BC, horseshoes in 200 BC, screw press and central heating in 150 BC. Public Baths in 100 BC, blown glass Window Panes in Pompeii in 60 BC, The Julian Calendar by Sosigenes in 45 BC, Domes, Road Maps, and Iron Padlocks in 30 BC, Residential Plumbing with lead pipes and water taps in 20 AD, Iron Reaper in 50 AD, Heavy Plough, Ball Bearings used on turntables on decks of ships, and Pontoon Bridge on the River Rhine in 100. Apartment Blocks in 128, Zoos in 248, and Paddle Wheel Ships in 370. All Roads Lead to Rome ~ The Romans built massive lengths of roads to connect their empire. They built over 53000 miles (85000 km) of paved roads. These stretched west to east from Britain to Asia Minor and north to south from Germany to Northern Africa. The road system was initially built to for the movement of troops throughout the empire, although civilians used them as well. Learn More: Ancient Rome - Roman Roads, Time traveler’s guide to the Roman Empire, Virtual Karak Resources Project: Historical Study, and Roman Roads.

The Ancients in Stargate The Builders of Roads ~ An advanced race, once human-like in physical appearance, they have now Ascended to a higher plain of existence (they have called humans their "second evolution"). They may have, at one time, actually been human or at least a close relative to humans. This is evidenced through some of the Earth humans being able to use Ancient technology. It is thought that they may have even evolved on Earth. They speak a Latin dialect or perhaps the precursor. They did live for a time on Earth and sometime between five and 10 million years ago, they took the Atlantis city-ship from Antarctica to the Pegasus Galaxy. They were the original designers and builders of the Stargate network. They Ascended in order to escape an intergalactic plague. What’s in a Name? ~ Most call them Ancients. They were also known as the Ascended. They call each other, "the others." Also called Lantians and Ancestors. Originally called the Alterans, they migrated to the Milky Way and spawned both the Ancients and the Ori. Prime Directive ~ Once they ascended to a higher plane of existence they took the official policy not to interfere with the lives of those who were corporeal. They have a hierarchy of semi-omni-presences. To interact or to assist a corporeal being to ascend is breaking their law and punishable by banishment. If an Ancient meddles in the affairs of a civilization, the others have been known to wipe out entire civilizations and abandon the one responsible in the midst of the mess they have caused (See Velona). Yet, they left behind Repositories of their knowledge. The Four Great Races ~ With the Asgard, Nox, and Furlings they are members of the alliance known as The Four Great Races (See Heliopolis). They left our area of space long ago, according to the Asgard. Mad Skills ~ As said above, they built the Stargate Network. They created the technology (See Fountain of Youth) that eventually led to the Sarcophagus. They attempted time travel several times with varying results. In SG-1’s Window of Opportunity (406), the team encounters a Latin-esque "alien computer" which creates a 10-hour time loop. They also developed a more successful time machine which is in a puddle jumper and only works in time jumps longer than a couple hundred of years. They invented a "DNA re-sequencer" (used by Nirty), which can alter human DNA to bring out advanced abilities. They also left behind several Repositories containing their knowledge. They, of course, invented the ZPM (Zero Point Module; a super battery with a several million years potential life). They can appear in human form temporally or permanently. They also have the ability to control the weather. Life in Pegasus ~ In the Pegasus, they spread human life on many hundreds of worlds. The Atlantis team originally thought that the Wraith were in the Pegasus before the Ancients arrived. However, it is now know that they evolved after the Ancients arrived. This evolution possibly occurred because of the Ancients introduction of humans to the Pegasus (alluded to in the episode The Gift (118), as being a result of the combination of the parasite seen in Thirty Eight Minutes (104) and a human). The Wraith use Ancient-derived language, weaponry, and culture. The Wraith grew in number and decided to attack Atlantis. Even though Wraith technology was inferior to the Ancients’, they overwhelmed the Pegasus galaxy with sheer numbers. To save the city, the Ancients submerged it beneath the ocean’s surface and fled through the Stargate back to Earth. Once there, they spread the story of the lost city. Known Members ~ Oma Desala, Monk (See Zen Koans), Orlin (See Velona), Aiyana, Athar / Chaya Sar, Melia (The leader on the Atlantean Council and the history holograph), Janus, Moros/Merlin, and Morgan Le Fay/Ganos Lal. Key Episodes ~ SG1 / 320 – Maternal Instinct - SG-1 encounters Oma Desala on the planet Kheb, who (along with Monk) protects the Harsiesis-child. SG1 / 417 – Absolute Power - Shifu, the Ascended Harsiesis-child, visits Earth, teaching of the danger of his Goa'uld knowledge. SG1 / 503 – Ascension - Carter meets Orlin -- banished for interfering in another culture's development. SG1 / 521 – Meridian - Oma visits Daniel after he is exposed to a lethal dose of radiation and helps him Ascend. SG1 / 604 – Frozen - SG-1 finds Ayiana. SG1 / 622 – Full Circle - Daniel assists SG-1 in their efforts to protect Abydos from Anubis, realizes Oma’s is an Ancient, and that Anubis learned to ascend but was sent back by the Others. SG1 / 701 – Fallen - The Ancients return Daniel to human form, wiping his memory (and stealing his clothes) as punishment for his transgression on Abydos. SG1 / 722 – Lost City - SG-1 finds two abandoned Ancient outposts. SG1 / 901 – Avalon - Daniel discovers that the Alterans and Ancients are one in the same. SG1 / 903 – Origin - The Ori also evolved from the Alterans and believe them to be evil. Atlantis / 101 – Rising - The Atlantis expedition finds the Ancients' lost city, and learns of the tragedy that befell them at the hands of the Wraith. Atlantis / 103 – Hide and Seek - After an entity is set loose in Atlantis; McKay discovers that the Ancients had trapped it in order to study the Ascension process. Atlantis / 115 – Before I Sleep - Time-traveling-Dr. Weir and Janus save Atlantis.

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